Energy prices affect almost every industry because electricity and fuel are inputs into transportation, manufacturing, agriculture and services. A change in energy costs can therefore move through an economy like a wave.
Households feel the effect through heating, cooling, transport and food prices. Businesses may respond by raising prices, reducing output or investing in efficiency. Governments sometimes intervene to cushion shocks, but subsidies can create fiscal costs and distort incentives.
Long-term resilience depends on diverse energy sources, efficient infrastructure and the ability to adapt when supply changes.